Which of the following are considered long-term effects of radiation exposure?

Long-term effects of radiation exposure are typically those that manifest over an extended period, often years after the exposure has occurred. Cancer and genetic mutations fall into this category because both can develop as a result of cellular damage caused by radiation.

Cancer can emerge when radiation damages the DNA within cells, leading to unregulated cell growth and tumor formation. This process may take many years to develop, making it a significant concern for individuals who have undergone radiation exposure.

Genetic mutations are also a serious long-term effect, as radiation can alter the genetic material in germ cells (sperm and eggs) or somatic cells. These mutations can be passed down to future generations or contribute to long-term health issues for the exposed individual.

In contrast, effects such as hair loss, nausea, erythema, hemorrhage, vomiting, and diarrhea are typically associated with acute radiation exposure. These effects can happen shortly after exposure and are not considered long-term consequences.