Which components are included in the anode circuit of an x-ray machine?

The components included in the anode circuit of an x-ray machine primarily involve those parts that contribute to the generation of x-rays. The tungsten target and copper stem are essential elements of this circuit.

The tungsten target, located at the anode, is where the high-energy electrons produced at the cathode collide and generate x-rays. Tungsten is used because of its high atomic number and excellent thermal conductivity, which allows it to efficiently produce x-rays while dissipating heat. The copper stem supports the tungsten target and also plays a significant role in heat dissipation. Copper is chosen for its exceptional thermal conductivity, which helps to prevent damage to the anode by transferring heat away from the target area swiftly.

Other components mentioned in the options do not belong to the anode circuit. For instance, the filament, focusing cup, and components of the cathode are involved in the electron emission process rather than the x-ray production phase itself. Therefore, the tungsten target and copper stem are the correct components that specifically belong to the anode circuit and are crucial for x-ray generation.