Which component specifically targets the x-ray beam in the anode circuit?

The option that specifically targets the x-ray beam in the anode circuit is the tungsten target. In x-ray production, the tungsten target is where the electrons generated by the filament collide, resulting in the production of x-rays. The anode itself, which houses the tungsten target, rotates to dissipate heat generated during this process, allowing for continuous exposure without overheating.

Tungsten is chosen for the target material due to its high atomic number and high melting point, making it efficient for x-ray production. Once the high-speed electrons from the cathode hit the tungsten target, they interact with the tungsten atoms to produce x-rays through various processes, primarily Bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation.

Other components like the copper stem serve as a conductor of heat from the target to the anode, the glass envelope encases the entire tube assembly to maintain a vacuum and protect the internal components, and the filament is responsible for creating electrons but does not directly contribute to the x-ray beam itself. Thus, the tungsten target is essential for the actual generation of the x-ray beam in the anode circuit.