What caused the roots to appear elongated in a periapical radiograph where apices are missing?

In a periapical radiograph, elongated roots can occur due to inadequate vertical angulation during the imaging process. When the x-ray beam is not directed at the appropriate angle, particularly if it is angled too flat or too steeply, the image can become distorted. This distortion leads to the appearance of elongated or foreshortened roots, as the roots' actual lengths are not accurately represented on the radiographic film.

Correct vertical angulation is essential for obtaining accurate images, as it affects the geometric representation of the teeth and their surrounding structures. If the vertical angulation is insufficient, the film may capture a wider span of the root area than intended, resulting in elongation.

Understanding this concept helps in refining the techniques used to obtain diagnostic-quality radiographs, ensuring proper angulation is maintained to accurately depict tooth structure.